{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lambda detects surface immunoglobulin on normal and neoplastic B-cells. Lambda staining is seen in B-cell follicles of human lymphoid tissue. The determination of light chain ratios remains important in studying B-cell neoplasms. Most B-cell lymphomas express either kappa or lambda light chains, whereas reactive proliferations display a mixture of kappa and lambda-positive cells. If only a single light-chain type is detected, a lymphoproliferative disorder is very likely. Monoclonality is determined by a kappa-lambda ratio greater than or equal to 3:1, a lambda-kappa ratio greater than or equal to 2:1, or a monoclonal population of 75% or more of the total population."}]}]}