{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","value":"Caveolin-1 (CAV-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CAV1 gene. CAV1 and CAV2 are located next to each other on chromosome 7 and express co localizing proteins that form a stable hetero-oligomeric complex. By using alternative initiation codons in the same reading frame, two isoforms (alpha and beta) are encoded by a single transcript from this gene. The scaffolding protein encoded by this gene is the main component of the caveolae plasma membranes found in most cell types. The gene is a tumor suppressor gene candidate and a negative regulator of the Ras-p42/44 MAP kinase cascade."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","value":"CAV-1 is expressed at different levels in different tissues, with the highest in adipocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and mesothelial cells. CAV-1 is useful in assisting in the identification of epithelioid mesothelioma. CAV-1 IHC expression has been found in 100% epithelioid mesotheliomas, whereas only 7.5% of the lung adenocarcinomas were positive for CAV-1. Staining in most mesotheliomas has been reported as being strong and diffuse when compared with the weak, focal staining (no more than 1% of the tumor cells) seen in the lung adenocarcinomas and therefore CAV-1 is considered a very useful marker to help to differentiate these two malignancies. CAV-1 has been found to be comparable to other mesothelioma markers such as calretinin and podoplanin that are commonly used to assist in the differentiation between epithelioid mesotheliomas and lung adenocarcinomas. CAV-1 has also been found to be useful in the identification of Ewing sarcoma/PNET with expression in 96% cases of Ewing sarcoma/PNET. CAV-1 is very useful in the differentiation of epithelioid mesothelioma from lung adenocarcinoma and identification of Ewing sarcoma/PNET."}]}]}