{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","value":"Uroplakins (UPs) are a family of transmembrane proteins (UPs Ia, Ib, II and III) that are specific differentiation products of urothelial cells. In non-neoplastic mammalian urothelium, UPs are expressed in the luminal surface plasmalemma of superficial (umbrella) cells, forming complexes of 16-nm crystalline particles. Uroplakin III is expressed in urothelial carcinomas, whereas many non-urothelial carcinomas were UPIII-negative. Recent studies have shown that UP expression might reflect the malignant potential of urothelial cancer cells as well as being cytodifferential markers of urothelial cells."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","value":"UPIII expression is strongly associated with lower tumor grades and lack of UPIII expression in urothelial tumors of the upper urinary tract is associated with much higher rates of metastases. Five-year specific survival is much worse for UPIII negative tumors (54%) than for UPIII positive tumors (100%). Apparently UPIII expression is a better indicator of the malignant potential of the tumor than the grade of the tumor."}]}]}