{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lambda detects surface immunoglobulin on normal and neoplastic B-cells. Lambda staining is seen in B-cell follicles of human lymphoid tissue."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","value":"When studying B-cell neoplasms, the determination of light chain ratios remains the centerpiece. This is sound reasoning because most B-cell Lymphomas express either kappa or lambda light chains, whereas reactive proliferations display a mixture of kappa and lambda-positive cells. If only a single light-chain type is detected, a lymphoproliferative disorder is very likely. Monoclonality is determined by a kappa-lambda ratio greater than or equal to 3:1, a lambda-kappa ratio greater than or equal to 2:1, or a monoclonal population of 75% or more of the total population. In IgG-dominant immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis, there are multiple pathological findings that strongly suggest the diagnosis of Lupus Nephritis including immunofluorescence staining for IgG, IgM, IgA, Kappa or Lambda, C3 and C1."}]}]}